from http://staffweb.lib.uiowa.edu/ktonella/historymontage.jpg
California History-Social Science Project
Primary Sources, Textual and Visual, on the Web
July 13, 2004
Research Librarian for History and Women's Studies
jariel@uci.edu
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from http://staffweb.lib.uiowa.edu/ktonella/historymontage.jpg |
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California History-Social Science Project Primary Sources, Textual and Visual, on the Web July 13, 2004 |
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| Librarian
Contact: Joan Ariel,
Research Librarian for History and Women's Studies jariel@uci.edu |
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[Note: This guide is also available @ UCI Libraries/Services/How to Use the Library/Library Instruction...// Webpages and Handouts]
The Internet and the Web have transformed teaching and research in History in numerous ways. Among these, the Web now provides access to an abundance of primary sources, often beyond what even the best research libraries could provide.This guide provides an introduction to freely available web-based resources for primary materials in U.S. and World History useful in elementary and secondary curriculum.
Contents:
| 1. Sources for Historical Research: Overview |
Recommended Guides:
| 2. Website Identification and Evaluation |
| 2.1. Access and Identification |
Search Strategies:
Selecting Search Terms:
Combining Search Terms:
Using AND between terms will
give you a smaller set of retrievals, while using OR will get you more
retrievals. In other words, the more key words you use (with and),
the smaller your retrieval. For more information, see
Boolean
Searching: A Primer
Search Engines: A handy list of search engines with links located on the UCI Libraries Website.
Web Directories and Portals:
Selective web directories often can be even more useful than global search engines. These include:
One excellent guide is:
Bare Bones 101: A Very Basic Web Search Tutorial
(E. Chamberlain, University of South Carolina Beaufort campus)includes Creating a Search Strategy and Basic Search Tips
| 2.2. Selection, Evaluation and Citation |
Websites and internet resources, like any other "publication," require critical asssessment and evaluation. Before you begin, consider criteria for evaluating these sites and their sources and information including the following:
One indicator can be the
other sites and organizations that link to the site. You can identify
these by running a link check from Google by typing "link" and the URL
for the site (for example, link: http://historymatters.gmu.edu).
| 2.3. Citing Web resources |
The Sample Bibliography in your Unit Bibliographic Assignment provides five examples of citations to Internet/Web sites.
In addition, many style manuals now include sections on how to cite Web/internet resources. The UCI Libraries website provides a sampling of the more important Dictionaries, Styles, Manuals.
For instance, the MLA (Modern
Language Association style manual) provides instructions to cite
web pages. Click on "Frequently Asked Questions", then click
on "How do I document sources from the World Wide Web?"
| 3. General History: Selected Web Resources |
The following sites are generally
available free to the public. They may provide leads to primary
and/or secondary sources as well as graphic images for curriculum projects.
Please keep in mind that the Web is HUGE and the sites below are extremely
selective. Use links from these pages and the search engine(s) and
web directories listed in Section #2 above to expand on this list. Remember
to apply search strategy principles that you have used in searching other
resources, e.g., careful selection and combination of key words, etc.
Repsitories of Primary
Sources
"A listing of over 5300
websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical
photographs, and other primary sources for the research scholar. All
| Recommended General History Sites |
American
and British History Resources on the Internet
Produced by
the History and Political Science librarian at Rutgers, includes full-text
documents by period as well as subject sections.
Early
Modern Women Database
Provides links
to Web resources useful for the study of women in early modern Europe and
the Americas. It focuses on the period ca. 1500 to ca. 1800. Resources
have been selected for their scholarly value by librarians of the Arts
and Humanities Team of the University of Maryland Libraries. Materials
range from bibliographic databases to full-text resources, images, and
sound recordings. Most of the resources linked here are free. Some require
a license for access.
Eighteenth-Century
Resources
Aimed especially
at scholars and students, this collection of websites by Jack Lynch at
Rutgers includes information on literature, history, art, music, religion,
economics, philosophy, and so on, from around the world, as well as the
home pages of societies and people who work on eighteenth-century topics.
The
History Place
Includes graphics,
photos, timelines for U.S. History including American Revolution, Civil
War, etc.
H-Net
Humanities and Social Sciences Online
Teaching section
includes extensive collection of teaching resources including teaching
focused discussion network (one focuses on teaching High School history),
H-Net regional teaching centers, syllabi, links, conference papers on multimedia
teaching, and web-based teaching projects.
HyperHistory
Online
Provides 2,000
files covering 3,000 years of world history with a combination of colorful
graphics, lifelines, timelines, and maps. An amazing site with useful
links and information integrated throughout. For example, click on
History among left hand navigation buttons, then choose a time period.
Internet
Modern History Sourcebook
"One of series
of history primary sourcebooks. It is intended to serve the needs of teachers
and students in college survey courses in modern European history and American
history, as well as in modern Western Civilization and World Cultures...efforts
have been made to include contemporary narrative accounts, personal memoirs,
songs, newspaper reports, as well as cultural, philosophical, religious
and scientific documents. Although the history of social and cultural elite
groups remains important to historians, the lives of non-elite women, people
of color, lesbians and gays are also well represented here." For
more information, click on Introduction
from top page.
Includes among
many other sections:
Voice
of the Shuttle: History Page
An excellent
gateway to many web resources for history. Provides access by geographic
area as well as selected topics and teaching resources. "VoS
is woven by
Alan
Liu of the U. California, Santa Barbara, English Department, with a
team of department graduate students and others. "
World
Wide Web Virtual Library History Index
An integrated
and international network of indexes to history materials online.
The oldest historical information resource on the Internet. Access components
include: Countries and Regions; Eras and Epochs; Historical Topics; and
Research: Methods and Materials.
Note: The Art
section includes many websites providing graphics and images.
| 4. U.S. History: Selected Web Resources |
| 4.1. Excerpt from the Best of History Websites |
Library
of Congress
An outstanding
and invaluable site for American history and general studies. Contains
primary and secondary documents, exhibits, map collections, prints and
photographs, sound recordings and motion pictures. The LOC's American Memory
Historical Collections, a must-see, contains the bulk of digitalized materials,
but the Exhibitions Gallery is enticing and informative as well. The LOC
also offers a Learning Page that provides activities, tools, ideas, and
features for educators and students.
History
Matters
A production
of the American Social History Project/Center of Media and Learning, City
of University New York, and the Center for History and New Media, George
Mason University, History Matters is a wonderful online resource for history
teachers and students. Among the many digital resources are lesson plans,
syllabi, links, and exhibits. Includes 900 first-person historical
documents in text, image, and audio as well as an annotated guide to 700
quality websites for history.
PBS
Online
A great source
for information on a myriad of historical events and personalities. PBS's
assorted and diverse web exhibits supplement their television series and
generally include a resume of each episode, interviews (often with sound
bites), a timeline, primary sources, a glossary, photos, maps, and links
to relevant sites. PBS productions include American Experience, Frontline
and People's Century.
Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History[JA note: See also www.learner.org Teacher Professional Development ResourcesA partnership between The Annenberg Foundation and The Corporation for Public Broadcasting to advance
excellent teaching in American schools. See especially Primary Sources: Workshops in American History : a video workshop for high school teachers; 8 one-hour video programs, workshop guide, and Web site]
CNN.com
Archives
The CNN Archives
feature special in-depth reports on key current American (and World) events,
issues and personalities. Most special reports supply historical overviews,
articles, photographs, timelines or chronologies, video clips, maps, interviews,
sources and more.
| 4.2. General U.S. History Sites |
The following list is just a sampling; there are many more "out there" waiting to be discovered.
American
Memory: Historical Collections for the National Digital Library
A gateway to
rich primary source materials relating to the history and culture
of the United States with special sections on how to incorporate these
resources into lesson plans. The site offers more than 7 million digital
items from more than 100 historical collections. Covers a wide range
of topics including immigration, Civil War, African Americans, Japanese
Internment, folk music, Thomas Jefferson, to name just a few, providing
texts and images.
Bring
History Alive
Profiles two
sourcebooks for teaching U.S. History and World History in grades 5-12
from National Center for History in the Schools. Website includes
3 examples from U.S. History and 3 from World History.
Digital
Scriptorium: Duke University
includes,
for instance:
Ad*Access
(1911-1955)
African-American
Women
Documents
from the Women's Liberation Movement
Emergence of Advertising in America, 1850-1920
Documents
in Law, History, and Government: The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School
Providessome
useful documents in U.S. history arranged by time period: pre-18th century;
18th century; 19th century; 20th century; and 21st century. Includes
a search engine.
From
Revolution to Reconstruction and What Happened Afterward
A Hypertext
on American History from the colonial period until Modern Times produced
by the Department of Humanities Computing, University of Groningen, The
Netherlands. "The main body of this hypertext project, which was started
in 1994, comes from a number of USIA-publications: An Outline of American
History, An Outline of the American Economy, An Outline of American Government,
and An Outline of American Literature. The text of these Outlines has not
been changed, but they have been enriched with hypertext-links to relevant
documents, original essays, other Internet sites, and to other Outlines."
The
Making of America
"Making of
America (MOA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social
history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. The collection
is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American
history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. The collection
currently contains approximately 8,500 books and 50,000 journal articles
with 19th century imprints. The project represents a major collaborative
endeavor in preservation and electronic access to historical texts."
Online
Archive of California
"A core component
of the California Digital Library, the Online Archive of California (OAC)
is a digital information resource that facilitates and provides access
to materials such as manuscripts, photographs, and works of art held in
libraries, museums, archives, and other institutions across California.
The OAC is available to a broad spectrum of users -students, teachers,
and researchers of all levels."
| 4.3. Sample Sites on Specific Topic/History Areas |
In addition to the examples listed above, the following offer more disclipline and/or topic specific sources and information.
Abolitionist Movement:
African American Mosaic: Abolition (Library of Congress)
Abolition, Anti-Slavery Movements, and the Rise of the Sectional Controversy (Library of Congress)
American Revolution:The History Place: American Revolution
Liberty
the American Revolution
Includes:
California:
American
Memory: "California As I Saw It"
First person
narratives
American Memory: Early California History
California
History Online
California
Historical Society
Counting
California. 1850-
A California
Digital Library initiative committed to enhancing California citizens'
access to the growing range of social science and economic data produced
by government agencies. In a departure from more static formats, Counting
California's single interface enables users access to actual raw data compiled
by federal, state, and local agencies, and also allows users to collate
and integrate data by topic, geography, title, and provider.
Online
Archive of California (OAC)
"A digital
information resource that facilitates and provides access to materials
such as manuscripts, photographs, and works of art held in libraries, museums,
archives, and other institutions across California. The OAC includes
a single, searchable database of "finding aids" to primary sources and
their digital facsimiles. Primary sources include letters, diaries, manuscripts,
legal and financial records, photographs and other pictorial items, maps,
architectural and engineering records, artwork, scientific logbooks, electronic
records, sound recordings, oral histories artifacts and ephemera."
The Civil War:
Civil War Women (from Duke University)
Valley
of the Shadow: Two Communities in the American Civil War
One of the
very best Civil War sites, "The Valley of the Shadow Project takes two
communities, one Northern and one Southern, through the experience of the
American Civil War. The project is a hypermedia archive of thousands of
sources for the period before, during, and after the Civil War for Augusta
County, Virginia, and Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Those sources include
newspapers, letters, diaries, photographs, maps, church records, population
census, agricultural census, and military records. Students can explore
every dimension of the conflict and write their own histories, reconstructing
the life stories of women, African Americans, farmers, politicians, soldiers,
and families. The project is intended for secondary schools, community
colleges, libraries, and universities.
Voices from the Days of Slavery: Former Slaves Tell Their Stories (Library of Congress Folklife Center)
The Cold War:
The National Archives Learning Curve: The Cold War
The Constitution:
The
Charters of Freedom (National Archives)
Covers Declaration
of Independence, The Constitution, and the Bill of Right as well as the
Founding Fathers
Economic History:
The
Food Timeline
The Food Timeline
was created in response to students, parents and teachers who frequently
ask our librarians for help locating food history and period recipes ...
Description: Origins of foods, historic recipes, extensive teaching resources
and web links.
Great Depression:
America
From the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI
1935-1945
"More than
160,000 black and white and 1600 color photographs from the Farm Security
Administration - Office of War Information collection have been digitized.
Includes scenes of rural and small-town life, migrant labor, the effects
of the Great Depression and mobilization for World War II. Keyword searchable
and browsable by subject, creator (photographers such as Walker Evans,
Dorothea Lange, Ben Shahn, and Gordon Parks) and place. From the American
Memory Project of the Library of Congress."
An
American Exodus: Displacement in the 1930's
This is brief
"documentation, in photographs and text, of the mass migrations of the
1930's caused by changes within the regionally varied agricultural traditions
throughout the country." It discusses the work of photographer Dorothea
Lange and writer Paul Schuster Taylor.
The
Dust Bowl
"An exhibit
"featuring Documentary Photographs from the Farm Security Administration
file and Companion Photographs taken in the late 1970s by Bill Ganzel,"
with "texts adapted from oral history interviews with Dust Bowl Survivors."
There are learning activities for students and lesson guides for teachers."
The
New Deal Network
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt
Institute and Institute for Learning Technologies, Teachers College, Columbia
University. A database of more than 20,000 items relating to the New Deal.
A "Document Library" contains more than 700 newspaper and journal articles,
speeches, letters, reports, advertisements, and other textual materials,
treating a broad array of subjects relevant to the period's social, cultural,
political, and economic history, while placing special emphasis on New
Deal relief agencies and issues relating to labor, education, agriculture,
the Supreme Court, and African Americans.
Portrait
of America: Survey Graphic in the Thirties
"An anthology
of articles from Survey Graphic, a magazine which, in the 1930s,
provided a public forum for discussions about unemployment, labor unrest,
race relations, healthcare, and technological change."
Visions
In the Dust: A Child's Perspective of the Dust Bowl
"This classroom
guide will help students understand "Dust Bowl history through the eyes
of a child. Using Karen Hesse's Newbery Award-winning Out of the Dust
as an introduction...students have the opportunity to identify with the
personal experiences of youth in the 1930s. In addition, students examine
primary source materials of the period to correlate the fictional text
with actual visual, auditory, and manuscript accounts as found in the [Library
of Congress] American Memory collections."
Immigration:
American
Family History Center: Ellis Island
Located in
the Ellis Island Immigration Museum and on the World Wide Web, the American
FamilyImmigration History Center (AFIHC) allows visitors to explore the
extraordinary collection of immigrant arrival records stored in the Ellis
Island Archives.
Immigration:
The Changing Face of America (Library of Congress)
Includes resources,
lessons and projects, bibliography, etc.
Industrial Revolution:
Internet Documentatires(Ohio State)
includes:
Lewis and Clark:
Teaching With Documents Lesson Plan: The Lewis and Clark Expedition (National Archives)
Lewis and Clark (PBS Online)
Lewis
and Clark (National Geographic)
Native Americans:
WWW
Virtual Library: American Indians
An index of
several thousand organized links to Native American and related websites
American
Indian History and Related Issues
This world
wide site is a developing site supervised by Professor Troy Johnson and
is dedicated to the presentation of unique artwork, photographs, video
and sound recordings which accurately reflect the history, culture and
richness of the Native American experience in North America and has been
expanded to include Indian people of Central America and Mexico
Revolutions:
The
Development of Civilization - World History - Revolutions
Includes sections
with many resources and links: American Revolution; French Revolution;
Political Revolution; Scientific Revolution; Art.
Social
History: Revolutions and Social Movements
Part of the
Open Directory Project, "the largest, most comprehensive human-edited directory
of the Web." Includes links to sites on a number of different revolutions.
Vietnam War:
The Vietnam War: Annotate Internet Resources
Women's History:
American
Women's History: A Research Guide Digital Collections of Primary Sources
An exceptional and exceptionally thorough guide to web and print resources
for the multiple aspects of Women's History. The Subject Index to Research Sources
and the Digital Collections of Primary Sources are particularly valuable.
Women
and Social Movements in the United States
"Organized
around a collection of over 1000 primary documents, the Women and Social
Movements website offers new ways for students, teachers, and scholars
to study American History." As of September 2003, half
of the site is freely available; the other half, supplemented by
a rich array of additional online resources, is available as a licensed
resource from within the UCI Libraries.
Women Working in the United States, 1870-1930 (Harvard University)
Still under development, this site will provide access to books,
pamphlets, manuscripts and images; currently includes 450+ digitized
documents.
| 5. Selected World History Websites |
| 5.1. General World History Sites |
World
History Matters
Includes:
| 5.2. Sample Sites for Specific Topics |
The Cold War:
Cold
War: From Yalta to Malta (CNN)
This CNN Perspectives
series explores the Cold War experience. Included are interactive maps,
rare video footage, declassified documents, biographies, picture galleries,
timelines, games and simulations, interactive activities, a search function,
book excerpts, an educator's guide and more.
Cold War International History Project (Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars)
The National Archives Learning Curve: The Cold War
Economic History:
The
Food Timeline
The Food Timeline
was created in response to students, parents and teachers who frequently
ask our librarians for help locating food history and period recipes ...
Description: Origins of foods, historic recipes, extensive teaching resources
and web links.
Islam:
Internet
Islamic History Sourcebook
"This massive
database of primary and secondary source material on the Islamic world
is a subsidiary to the larger Internet History Sourcebook project. The
title is somewhat misleading as the term “Islamic History” usually refers
to the history of Islam in the pre-modern period. This sourcebook, however,
includes sources on Islamic history and sources specific to the Middle
East and North Africa in the modern period. Materials include links to
text excerpts available in the public domain, audio, and websites that
offer both primary and secondary material. In all cases, the editor notes
whether a source is primary or secondary or whether it comes from another
website."
Medieval History and Early Modern History:
Diotma: Materials for the Study of Women and Gender in the Ancient World
Internet East Asian History Sourcebook
Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Early Modern World
Internet Modern History Sourcebook: Early Modern West
Medieval
History
An Award winning
Educational Reference site to research all aspects of Medieval History
WWW Virtual Library History Index Medieval Europe
The New World:
The
Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record
"The hundreds
of images in this collection have been selected from a wide range of sources,
most of them dating from the period of slavery." Illustrated are the "experiences
of Africans who were enslaved and transported to the Americas and the lives
of their descendants in the slave societies of the New World." Searchable
by keyword (be sure to use the search button), browsable by categories.
From the University of Virginia Library.
Fact,
Fiction and the New World
An exhibit
that explores the history of printing and the resulting explosion of ideas
for and about the New World. Text is in both English and Spanish.
Vikings:
the North Atlantic Saga
A site about
the Scandinavian discovery of North America over 1000 years ago. "Presented
through a spectacular array of artifacts and archeological finds, the exhibit
explores a previously unknown chapter in the history of North America."
View the voyage in standard or enhanced versions. Sections for points along
the journey include Archaeology, Sagas, Environment, and History. From
the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.
Revolutions:
The
Development of Civilization - World History - Revolutions
Includes sections
with many resources and links: American Revolution; French Revolution;
Political Revolution; Scientific Revolution; Art.
Social
History: Revolutions and Social Movements
Part of the
Open Directory Project, "the largest, most comprehensive human-edited directory
of the Web." Includes links to sites on a number of different revolutions.
World Wars:
Rutgers
Oral History Archives of World War II
This site also covers Korean War, Vietnam and the Cold War.
World
War I Document Archive
Archive of
primary documents from World War I assembled by volunteers of the World
War I Military History List (WWI-L). "International in focus and
intends to present in one location primary documents concerning the Great
War." Includes WWI Image Archive with flags, medals, maps and photographs.