Sperm Whaling Hawaii 1833 http://www.corvalliscommunitypages.com/asia_pacific/hawaiians_in_corvallis.htm

History 190E 19th Century Pacific Basin Winter 2004~ D. Igler Library Research Guide

Library Contacts:

Research Librarian for History and Women's Studies: Joan Ariel  386 Langson Library  824-4970  jariel@uci.edu

U.S. Government Information Librarian: Kay Collins  108 Langson Library  824-7290  kcollins@uci.edu

Special Collections/Manuscripts Librarian:  Bill Landis  500 Langson  Library  824-3113  blandis@uci.edu

Contents:

This guide provides an introductory overview of library/bibliographic research in history focusing on key strategies and sources for researching topics related to the Pacific Basin in the 19th Century.

1. Historical Sources
2. Effective Research Skills
3. Search Types and Strategies
4. UCI Libraries Website and History Subject Guide
5. Guides to the Literature, Subject Dictionaries and Other Reference Works
6. Identifying and Locating Books and Other Monographic Literature
• ANTPAC: UCI Catalog
• The New Melvyl Catalog and California Digital Library
• WorldCat
7. Identifying and Locating Journal and Periodical Literature
• Selected Web Indexes and Abstracts
• Historical Newspapers Online
• Periodicals: Selected Print Indexes
• Full-Text Resources: Online/Electronic Journals
8. Primary Sources:  Databases, Microforms, etc.
9. Bibliographic Organization and Management: Introduction to EndNote

• Ask a Librarian (virtually any question, via email or live chat)
• How to Connect from Home or Off Campus
• Interlibrary Loan

 
• History Subject Guide
• East Asian...Subject Guide

 
• Checklist for Using New Databases
• Research Guides for History in Langson Library Reference (PDF)

Primary sources: Firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation.  The nature and value of a source cannot be determined without reference to the topic and questions it is meant to answer.  The same document, or other piece of evidence, may be a primary source in one investigation and secondary in another.  The search for primary sources does not, therefore, automatically include or exclude any format of research materials or type of records, documents, or publications.

Primary sources typically can include archives and manuscript material, photographs, letters and diaries, scrapbooks, newspapers and clippings, government publications, oral histories, magazines, published books, printed ephemera, and video and audio recordings.

Secondary sources: Sources  that analyze, assess, or interpret a topic under investigation, typically utilizing primary sources to do so.

Tertiary sources: Sources that  identify and locate primary and secondary sources; these include bibliographies, indexes, abstracts, encyclopedias, and other reference resources; available in multiple formats, ie. some are online, others only in print.

IMPORTANT:  Note that these categories are not mutually exclusive. A single item may be primary or secondary (or even tertiary) depending on your research topic and the use you make of that item.
 
 

2. Effective Research Skills

2.1. Start with topic analysis

• What is your topic, problem, central question?
• Refine and diagram your topic (who, what, why, when, where, and how?).
• Identify keywords, synonyms, contemporary ways of referring to your topic that are no longer current (e.g., Negro for African American); make a written list of these for convenient referral in keyword searching.

• Research is an iterative process and the best researchers learn as they go.
• What resources and research tools have you used? Which ones have been the most productive?
• What terms have/have not worked?
• What new terms/names have you encountered in your searches?  Add these to your terminology list.
• Consider using bibliographic management software like EndNote to develop, organize, annotate, and manipulate bibliographic citations and  facilitate the production of manuscripts and the publication process.  EndNote for History workshop guide.

In doing bibliographic or  library-based research, there are three key approaches to identifying information and materials on a subject or topic: known item; keyword; and subject heading.  All are based on the "bibliographic record" for the book, article, or other item.
 

3.1.  Known Item

Search on a known title or author, then use subject headings in the bibliographic record to expand your retrieval to related items.  And, of course, in addition, use footnotes and bibliographic references.

Example:  Title Northern California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands

3.2. Keyword

In most library catalogs and databases, searches for your key words usually drawn from the following data fields:

• Books: title, series title, and/or subject heading words.
• Articles: article title, subject heading, abstract if available.

    Note:

• In some databases (ANTPAC included), you must use a single word, an exact phrase, or and between multiple words.
• Example: hawaii and monarchy
• In other databases (Melvyl included), the database automatically inserts an implicit and between multiple words and you do not have to type these nor worry about word order.
• Example: monarchy hawaii

 
• If in doubt or you get a zero result, try both approaches. 
  Never take zero for an answer; try other strategies and approaches.

A subject heading is a word or term that describes, often quite broadly, the contents of an information resource.  "Authorized" headings for U.S. libraries are generally determined by the Library of Congress (LCSH).  In addition to usage in catalog records for books, videotapes, and other library resources, many abstracting and indexing databases of articles use LCSH as the basis for their subject indexing.

Searches for subject heading(s) assigned by the Library of Congress or descriptors assigned by the index/database producer use a "controlled vocabulary."  The best way to identify subject heading(s) for your topic is to do a keyword search first, then note and link from subject headings of the most promising items.

Note:

• A subject search in ANTPAC is an exact subject heading search.
• In some databases,  "subject" searches may provide the option of searching by topic keywords, subject heading words, or exact subject heading.  Read search screens and select options carefully.

Sample LC subject headings for topics related to the Pacific Basin in the 19th century.

• Asia -- Relations -- United States
• Asians -- California -- Los Angeles
• China -- Foreign public opinion, American -- 19th century
• Chinese -- California
• Chinese -- Hawaii -- History
• Chinese American women -- California -- San Francisco -- History -- 19th century
• Chinese Americans -- Hawaii -- History -- 19th century -- Fiction.
• East Asia -- Foreign relations -- United States
• Ethnology -- Hawaii -- Philosophy
• Hawaii -- Description and travel
• Hawaii -- History -- To 1893 -- Historiography
• Immigrants -- California -- Social conditions -- 19th century
• Immigrants -- Hawaii -- History -- 19th century
• Japanese Americans -- Hawaii -- History -- 19th century
• Korea -- Emigration and immigration -- Fiction
• Koreans -- Hawaii -- History
• Oceania -- History
• Oceania -- Relations -- United States
• Orientalism -- Social aspects --  United States
• Pacific Area -- History
• Pacific coast (Alaska)
• Pacific Islander American women -- History
• Pacific Ocean
• Polynesia -- Discovery and exploration
• Sex customs -- Pacific Islands -- History -- Sources
• Sugar growing -- Hawaii
• United States -- Civilization -- East Asian influences
• United States -- Colonial question
• United States -- Emigration and immigration -- History -- 19th century
• United States -- Foreign relations -- East Asia
• United States -- Foreign relations -- Korea
• United States -- Foreign relations -- Sources
• United States -- Foreign relations -- Vietnam
• United States -- Relations -- Japan
• Whaling

• Bird, Isabella L. (Isabella Lucy), 1831-1904 -- Homes and haunts -- Hawaii
• Cook, James, 1728-1779
• Cook, James, 1728-1779 -- Sexual behavior
• Liliuokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 1838-1917
• London, Jack, 1876-1916 -- Journeys -- Hawaii
• Pleasant, Mary Ellen, 1814-1904
• Spreckels, Claus, 1828-1908
• Sun, Yat-sen, 1866-1925

3.4.1. Truncation:  Use trucation symbols (usually * and/or #) building on the root of a word to expand your retrieval

    Examples:
        histor*    =     history, historian, historical, historicism, etc.
        orient#  =       orient, oriental, orientalism, etc.
   But caution:
        rac#         =     race, racism, racist BUT also raccoon, racketeer, etc.
        pacif*     =      pacific but also pacifism, pacifist, etc.

Using AND between terms will give you a smaller set of retrievals, while using OR will get you more retrievals. This is called "boolean logic."   For more information, see Boolean Searching: A Primer

3.4.3.  Limiting/Modifying Search Results:

• Date:      Limiting result sets by dates can be a good approach when you particularly want current materials or are focusing on primary sources for a particular time period.
• Language:  Limit by language(s) that you can read to refine search results.
• Location:    Limit by library location to identify materials in Reference, Special Collections, Media Center, etc.
• Other: Some databases also allow you to limit by: format, time period, etc.

The UCI Libraries Website provides an organized gateway for research across the disciplines.  Your familiarity with this resource will save you time and enhance your success in identifying research sources, services, and other useful information.  The sections on Online Research and the Subject Guides, created by the Research Librarians for each UCI academic program, are especially recommended.

History Subject Guide   See last page of this guide for Table of Contents. 
            A guide to key resources for research in History; includes catalogs, indexes, online journals, and selected primary sources.
            Note: This guide is updated regularly; I encourage your suggestions via email for additional resources to include.

See also East Asian Languages and Literatures Subject Guide
 
 

5. Guides to the Literature, Subject Dictionaries, and Other Reference Works

Guides (or guides to the literature as they're sometimes called) provide the researcher with a basic introduction to the literature of a discipline. Guides list important bibliographies, dictionaries,directories, encyclopedias, periodical indexes, manuscript and statistical finding aids, etc. They may be  a useful first step in beginning research, helpful both in acquainting the researcher with critical sources in the field and assisting in organization and evaluation of research strategies. In other words, guides offer a structured overview of an academic discipline.

The key guide for history is:

• The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature. New York: Oxford, 1995. 2 vols. Ref. Z6201 .A55 1995
  Considered by many to be the historian's bibliographic bible, this guide is one good place to begin researching any topic in any field of history. Hundreds of  historians from around the world have selected and comment on the best and most useful works in their fields--almost 27,000 annotated citations--to provide bibliographic guidance from prehistory to the twentieth century.

• East Asia and the United States: An Encyclopedia of Relations Since 1784.  2 vols. James I. Matray, ed.  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002.  Ref. DS 518.8 E22 2002.
• The Pacific Islands:  An Encyclopedia.  Brij V. Lal and Kate Fortune, eds.  Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2000.  Print and CD-ROM. Ref. DU 17 P3 2000.
• Peoples of the World: Asians and Pacific Islanders: The Culture, Geographical Setting, and Historical Background of 41 Asian and Pacific Island Peoples.  Joyce Moss and George Wilson.  Detroit: Gale Research, 1993.  Ref. GN 308.3 A83 M68 1993

History Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Handbooks (PDF)

The most comprehensive and current catalog to all holdings in the UCI Libraries.  Useful features include:

• Searching by collection: e.g., Entire; Government Information; Journals and Serials; Film and Video
• Limiting searches by: Language; Material Type; (Library) Location; Publisher; Year (of Publication).
• Direct submission of Recalls (when item is checked out)  and Interlibrary Loan* and Document Delivery Requests
• MY ANTPAC including:
• Preferred Searches - you can search the catalog in MY ANTPAC to save searches to a special file in your Patron Record. You can then request email alerts on "Preferred Searches." You can also request a hold on a title without having to retype your name and ID number.

Guide to Call Number & Subject Locations

6.2.  New (!) Melvyl Catalog and  California Digital Library (CDL)

6.2.1.
Melvyl®: UC System Catalog
Melvyl is a web-based gateway to the library holdings of the University of California Libraries and to those of the California Academy of Sciences, California Historical Society, California State Library, Center for Research Libraries, Graduate Theological Union, Hastings College of Law, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

The database contains over 23,000,000 records, including books, periodicals or journal titles, videos, maps, sound recordings and much more. Melvyl allows you to browse records, save and mail items to your email account, set up a profile and Workspace so that you can save records and searches across sessions, and have email Updates automatically sent to you.

The new Melvyl catalog was released by CDL to the UC University community and public at large in April 2003.   On August 1, 2003, "Legacy Melvyl" was retired and the new web-based version of Melvyl became the only  union, or combined, catalog of the UC libraries.

Introduction and guides to New Melvyl

Highly Recommended:  Establish your profile and "Workspace" in new Melvyl  in order to:

• Save and view searches so they are available to you after you log out of your session.
• Save and view items after you log out of your session.
• Use the Update Service, an automated process that will perform searches defined by you at chosen intervals. The emailed results contain records that have been added to the Melvyl system during the previous interval (see Practitioners Guide 16.)
• Customize certain display preferences and save them across sessions, including the format of search results and the number of records displayed per page.
• Set your Email address for use with Updates and Request, the interlibrary loan service.

CDL Collections & Services:

• Directory of CDL Licensed Content

• CDL Collections in History Available to UCI Irvine: Browse

Listing of links to resources by historical field, e.g., Asian  History, California History, Modern European History, etc.
• CDL Collections in History Available to UCI Irvine: Search Results

Includes over 1200 Electronic Journals, Databases, Archival Finding Aids and Reference Texts; Use the drop-down menu to limit by these categories.
• You may also search the CDL Collection

WorldCat is a"union catalog" databases for large groups of libraries that share cataloging information and access.   To be fully comprehensive in your research, you may wish to search this resource.

Note: Watch for UCI holdings statements and/or click on  (where available) to link to holdings in UC libraries.

WorldCat: The Onlince Computer Library Center (OCLC) union catalog for books and other materials in libraries worldwide.
An even larger bibliographic database than MELVYL, WorldCat includes citations for books, journals, manuscripts, maps, music scores, sound recordings, films, computer files, newspapers, slides, videotapes, etc., in a variety of languages, held in numerous libraries around the world. Coverage: 1000 A.D. - present.
 
 

7. Identifying and Locating Periodical Articles: Indexes and Abstracts

7.1. Selected Useful Resources

Tutorial:  Find Articles in Databases

• About databases
• Select a database
• Search for articles/other material
• Locate materials

Below are  selective listings of indexes most useful for history topics; depending on your topic, you may well need to consult other resources.

Note:

• Pay careful attention to the type and chronological scope of the database you are using as you select your search terms and evaluate your results.
• * indicates full-text resources or provides at least some articles full-text

7.2.1. History and Related Disciplines

America: History and Life (AHL)  1964-present
The most authoritative listing of periodical literature, book and media reviews, and dissertations in United States and Canadian history.  Covers over 1,700 journals published worldwide.

Search Tips:

• Use Advanced Search
• Use Keyword Search to begin, then if desired:
• Limit by language
• Indicate Time Period: For example,  1900H. Click on magnifying glass icon to right of time period to browse options.
• Select document type: article
• Note subject headings (not LCSH, often quite general terms) and link to expand results if desired
• Note documentation
• Watch for  . Click on these to identify UC library holdings (via Melvyl), including full-text online if available.
• Email results to yourself from Output Options  change to full format and note your search strategy in subject line
• Once you have a productive search strategy(s), consider establishing a Clio Alert Profile

CLIO Alert allows a researcher to set up a research profile and then e-mails the researcher when items matching his or her profile are added to the database of choice. The screens for setting up a new profile or modifying an existing one can be  reached via the link on the search screen. To ensure success with a profile, use search criteria that have proven effective for searches of the current database.

Search Hints: See AHL above.

Note: You can also search AHL and HA in combination with the following  primary source database:

Ninteenth Century Masterfile
19th Century Masterfile is the largest resource for pre-1920's studies, with over 6 million citations online.  Coverage ranges from about 1774-1920 depending on the index searched.  Includes Poole's, William Frederick Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, which indexes books, newspapers, periodicals and government documents on the 19th Century. It is a continually expanding resource for the study of Nineteenth-Century cultural and intellectual life.
[See Section 8 below for additional resources of primary source materials]

PAIS (Public Affairs Information Service) International  1972-present
Contains references to more than 460,000 journal articles, books, government documents, statistical directories, grey literature, research reports, conference reports, publications of international agencies, microfiche, Internet material, and more. Newspapers and newsletters are not indexed.

7.2.2. Multidisciplinary: A Selective List

Current Contents. 1993-present.
Cover-to-cover  indexing of journal articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, editorials, etc., is provided for more than 7,500 internataional journals covering all disciplines.

*Expanded Academic Index ASAP  1980 - present
Provides multi-disciplinary coverage from arts and the humanities to social sciences, science and technology; inlcudes scholarly journals, news magazines, and newspapers - many with full text and images.  Includes both popular and scholarly literature; for scholarly only, limit to refereed articles.

PCI: Periodical Contents Index.  (PCI)  and *PCI Full -Text    1770-1995
PCI: Covers 37 key subject areas in the humanities and social sciences and currently indexes around 13.9 million articles dating from as early as the eighteenth century up to 1995 .Cataloguing in PCI is not limited by date or by language. Over two centuries of scholarly publication in 40 languages and dialects are indexed, including English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and other Western languages.
PCI Full-Text: Contains the contents of 259 journal runs, providing access to over 5.4 million article pages - representing over 860,000 articles. These are drawn from the 13 million-plus article citation records in the PCI index. PCI Full Text is on target to grow to 300 journals by the end of 2003.

Reader's Guide Retrospective   1890-1982
Provides citations (but not full text)  the most popular general-interest periodicals published in the United States and reflects the history of 20th century America. Coverage: 1890 -1982

Women's Studies International 1972-current
Includes over 219,000 citations drawn from a variety of essential women's studies databases, including Women Studies Abstracts (1984-present), the Women's Studies Database (1972-present; U. of Toronto), and many major bibliographies.

7.3. Historical Newspapers/Magazines

Proquest Historical Newspapers Online:

• Los Angeles Times Historical    1881-1937 (subsequent  years currently being loaded)
• New York Times Historical  1851-1999
• Wall Street Journal Historical   1889-1985
• Tip: You can also search all of these (plus APS, see below) at once: Go to one of the databases then 1) click on Databases Selected link (at top under Basic Search), 2) scroll down the list of databases to Historical Databases;  3) mark those you want to search in combination; and 4) click on Continue button at bottom of page

HarpWeek  1857-1912
Full text, completely indexed electronic version of Harper's Weekly, a major 19th century news and literary magazine. Database includes  illustrations and advertisements in addition to news articles, novel serializations, and commentary on political, cultural and social life.

The Nation Digital Archive
The Nation Digital Archive currently includes PDF page images and searchable OCR text for all issues of The Nation, America's oldest continuously published weekly, from 1865 through June 2002.

7.4. Periodicals: Selected Print Indexes

Especially as historians, you can never forget those indexes still available only in print form.   The following is a very selective list of available titles; check ANTPAC for others.

Multidisciplinary:

International Index to Periodicals.  1907-1965/65 Ref. AI3 I58
    subsequently:  Humanities and Social Sciences Index. 1965/66-1973/74
                           then separately: Humanities Index; Social Sciences Index 1973/74-
    Index to academic journals in Humanities, Social Sciences, and Sciences.
 

7.5. Full-Text Resources: Online/Electronic Journals

Convenient access from:
    CDL: History,  Electronic Journals available to UC Irvine
    or
    UCI Libraries Website / Full-Text Journals

Specific Collections:

JSTOR   (Retrospective archive)
Provides searching and browsing access to the full text of back files of over 100 scholarly publications in dozens of academic disciplines, including History. Articles can be printed off using an Adobe PDF reader plug in to your Web browser (available on all public terminals in the UCI Libraries).
Note: for many journals does not include the latest 2-5 years, but often includes back issues from several decades past.

Project Muse (Current)
Full text of over 40 journals in the humanities and social sciences published by Johns Hopkins University Press. Full text coverage varies by journal title but ranges from 1993 to the present. Links to the full text of many articles available in CDL-hosted databases.
 
 

8. Primary Sources: Strategies and Selected Resources

In addition to the suggestions below, you may wish to consult:

    Systems and Serendipity: Identifying and Locating Primary Sources ~ A Guide to the UCI Libraries and Beyond   (J. Ariel)
 

8.1. Books: Strategies to Identify Primary Sources in Library Collections

         Use or adapt these strategies in ANTPAC, MELVYL®, or WorldCat:

1. Adding the subheading sources to the end of relevant Library of Congress Subject Heading (or use in a keyword search) often retrieves autobiographies, personal narratives, diaries, interviews, and other documentary/primary materials.  Please note, however, that this strategy is by no means comprehensive; use other strategies to complement this.
2. Use document* with keyword search; may retrieve collections of documents, documentary histories, etc.
3. Limit to Year of Publication, e.g., after 1800 and before 1900.
4. Limit to Location Special Collections (for ANTPAC searches)

Early Encounters in North America: People, Cultures, and the Environment
"Painstakingly assembled from hundreds of primary sources, this project documents the relationships among peoples, and observations of the environment, from 1534 to 1850. The collection presents unique perspectives from traders, slaves, missionaries, explorers, soldiers, officials, and others. It includes works by American Indians, Canadian First Peoples, and many European groups, capturing firs impressions, hundreds of years of observations of flora and fauna, descriptions of encounters with  indigenous peoples, and new language elements as they evolved. The collection includes prints, drawings, paintings, maps, bibliographies, letters, photographs, and original facsimile pages - all searchable by a  standardized vocabulary." (Publishers description)  Click here for a Guided Tour.

Making of America   (Michigan)
Making of America   (Cornell)
A collaborative project between the University of Michigan and Cornell University, the Making of America (MoA) is a digital library of primary sources in American social history from the antebellum period through reconstruction. The collection is particularly strong in the subject areas of education, psychology, American history, sociology, religion, and science and technology. The collection currently contains approximately 8,500 books  and 50,000 journal articles with 19th century imprints.
 

8.4. Internet Website Directories

While Google (http://www.google.com/) can be an excellent internet search engine for finding resources, even better sometimes are searchable web directories, which provide sites that  have been reviewed and selected by historians, librarians, and other experts.  Such directories include:

• The Best of the History Sites

An "award-winning portal created for students, history educators, and general history enthusiasts..."
• The Librarians Index to the Internet

Searchable guide to high quality, non-commercial internet resources evaluated and selected by librarians.
• The Scout Report

The Scout Report Archives are a searchable and browseable collection of over seven years' worth of critical annotations of Internet sites, mailing lists, and other online resources carefully selected by librarians and subject experts.

EndNote is a bibliographic management software program used to develop, organize and manipulate bibliographic citations and facilitate the production of bibliographies and the publication process.  EndNote allows the user to create a "library" to store and manage citations, similar to a set of index cards but with much more organizational power and flexibility.  Additionally, EndNote allows the user to export citations from many (but not yet all) catalogs and databases (including, thankfully, Historical Abstracts) directly into your "library" bibliography and from your "library" into a word processor.  You can thus produce a bibliography or manuscript automatically incorporating citations in a variety of publication styles (e.g., Chicago, APA, or journal-specific).

EndNote has recently been installed in open-access library computer labs including Science Library Interactive Learning Center (ILC) Room 164, in the LL TEC, Room 228, and in the LL Multimedia Resource Center (MRC).  It is also available for purchase at educational discount in UCI Bookstore; : approx. $109.95 for students (with ID); $199.95 for faculty and staff; $99 to upgrade if you have an earlier version.  In addition, you can download a FREE full-featured  30-day trial version from the ISI/EndNote website: www.endnote.com/endemo.asp

EndNote Guide for History

Recommended EndNote Workshops Winter 2004:

Wednesday, February 25:     12:00-1:30 in Langson Library TEC, Room 228
"Participants in this course will learn the basics of Endnote by building a bibliographic database, by entering references manually, and by  capturing citations from several databases. More advanced features such as producing bibliographies and creating manuscripts with properly formatted references also will be covered."