www.britishempire.co.uk/
History 190

Origins of the 
British Empire

Winter 2004~ L.Hill
 
 

Library Research Guide

**[Note: This guide is also linked from UCI Libraries Website/Services/Workshops & Classes/Webpages or @ http://course.lib.uci.edu/]

Library Contacts:
 
Research Librarian for History:
Joan Ariel 
386 Langson Library 
824-4970 
jariel@uci.edu
Special Collections/Manuscripts:
Bill Landis 
Manuscripts Librarian 
500 Langson  Library 
824-3113 
blandis@uci.edu

Contents:

This guide provides an introductory overview of library/bibliographic research in History focusing on key strategies and sources for researching the Origins of the British Empire.

    1. Historical Sources
    2. Effective Research Skills
    3. Search Types and Strategies
    4. UCI Libraries Website and History Subject Guide
    5. Guides to the Literature, Subject Dictionaries and Other Reference Works
    6. Identifying and Locating Books and Other Monographic Literature
    7. Identifying and Locating Journal and Periodical Literature
    8. Primary Sources:  Databases, Microforms, etc.
    9. Bibliographic Organization and Management: Introduction to EndNote

Reminders and Handy Links:
 
1. Historical Sources

Primary sources: Firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation.  The nature and value of a source cannot be determined without reference to the topic and questions it is meant to answer.  The same document, or other piece of evidence, may be a primary source in one investigation and secondary in another.  The search for primary sources does not, therefore, automatically include or exclude any format of research materials or type of records, documents, or publications.

Primary sources typically can include archives and manuscript material, photographs, letters and diaries, scrapbooks, newspapers and clippings, government publications, oral histories, magazines, published books, printed ephemera, and video and audio recordings.

Secondary sources: Sources  that analyze, assess, or interpret a topic under investigation, typically utilizing primary sources to do so.

Tertiary sources: Sources that  identify and locate primary and secondary sources; these include bibliographies, indexes, abstracts, encyclopedias, and other reference resources; available in multiple formats, ie. some are online, others only in print.

IMPORTANT:  Note that these categories are not mutually exclusive. A single item may be primary or secondary (or even tertiary) depending on your research topic and the use you make of that item.
 
2. Effective Research Skills

2.1. Start with topic analysis

2.2. Keep track of what you're doing in research notes/notebook
 
3. Search Types and Strategies

In doing bibliographic or  library-based research, there are three key approaches to identifying information and materials on a subject or topic: known item; keyword; and subject heading.  All are based on the "bibliographic record" for the book, article, or other item.
 
 
3.1.  Known Item

Search on a known title or author, then use subject headings in the bibliographic record to expand your retrieval to related items.  And, of course, in addition, use footnotes and bibliographic references.
 
 
3.2. Keyword

In most library catalogs and databases, searches for your key words usually drawn from the following data fields:

Keyword is the most flexible approach, which usually produces the largest retrieval.

    Note:

 
3.3. Subject Heading(s)

A subject heading is a word or term that describes, often quite broadly, the contents of an information resource.  "Authorized" headings for U.S. libraries are generally determined by the Library of Congress (LCSH).  In addition to usage in catalog records for books, videotapes, and other library resources, many abstracting and indexing databases of articles use LCSH as the basis for their subject indexing.

Searches for subject heading(s) assigned by the Library of Congress or descriptors assigned by the index/database producer use a "controlled vocabulary."  The best way to identify subject heading(s) for your topic is to do a keyword search first, then note and link from subject headings of the most promising items.

Note:

Reminder:  Subject headings, like all language and most everything in life (!), are socially and historically constructed; consider terminology for your topic broadly and deeply.

Sample LC subject headings for topics related to the Origins of the British Empire:

 
3.4. Useful Search Strategies

3.4.1. Truncation:  Use trucation symbols (usually * and/or #) building on the root of a word to expand your retrieval

3.4.2. Combining Search Terms:

Using AND between terms will give you a smaller set of retrievals, while using OR will get you more retrievals. This is called "boolean logic."
For more information, see Boolean Searching: A Primer

3.4.3.  Limiting/Modifying Search Results:

 
4. UCI Libraries Website
http://www.lib.uci.edu/

The UCI Libraries Website provides an organized gateway for research across the disciplines.  Your familiarity with this resource will save you time and enhance your success in identifying research sources, services, and other useful information.  The sections on Online Research and the Subject Guides, created by the Research Librarians for each UCI academic program, are especially recommended.

History Subject Guide

A guide to key resources for research in History; includes catalogs, indexes, online journals, and selected primary sources.
Note: This guide is updated regularly; I encourage your suggestions via email for additional resources to include.
See attached Table of Contents
 
5. Guides to the Literature, Subject Dictionaries, and Other Reference Works

Guides (or guides to the literature as they're sometimes called) provide the researcher with a basic introduction to the literature of a discipline. Guides list important bibliographies, dictionaries,directories, encyclopedias, periodical indexes, manuscript and statistical finding aids, etc. They may be  a useful first step in beginning research, helpful both in acquainting the researcher with critical sources in the field and assisting in organization and evaluation of research strategies. In other words, guides offer a structured overview of an academic discipline.

The key guide for history is:

    The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature. New York:
    Oxford, 1995. 2 vols. Ref. Z6201 .A55 1995

Considered by many to be the historian's bibliographic bible, this guide is one good place to begin researching any topic in any field of history. Hundreds of  historians from around the world have selected and comment on the best and most useful works in their fields--almost 27,000 annotated citations--to provide bibliographic guidance of from prehistory to the twentieth century.
Subject dictionaries, encyclopedias and handbooks (the terms are often used interchangeably) may provide useful background information, concepts and terminology, leads to key events and people, etc.  They can also be an excellent resource for exploring possible research topics and/or obtaining key background information, terminology, etc.  You will also find many specialized dictionaries and encyclopedias in the Reference Collection.  The link below provides a PDF list of more recent titles listed alphabetically under geographical categories.
History Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, and Handbooks (PDF)
To identify other available reference works, do a keyword search in ANTPAC (see below) and limit your result to Location: Langon Reference
 
6. Identifying and Locating Books and Other Monographs: Library Catalogs
 
6.1  ANTPAC: UCI Catalog

The most comprehensive and current catalog to all holdings in the UCI Libraries.  Useful features include:

*Note: Interlibrary Loan is now subsidized by the UCI Libraries; there are no charges for obtaining books, journal articles, or other materials. You may ignore the "Do you authorize payment up to $0./$15./$50? Please enter amount and  recharge account number if applicable" line on the online request form.

Guide to Call Number & Subject Locations
 
6.2.  New (!) Melvyl Catalog and  California Digital Library (CDL)

6.2.1.
Melvyl®: UC System Catalog
Melvyl is a web-based gateway to the library holdings of the University of California Libraries and to those of the California Academy of Sciences, California Historical Society, California State Library, Center for Research Libraries, Graduate Theological Union, Hastings College of Law, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

The database contains over 23,000,000 records, including books, periodicals or journal titles, videos, maps, sound recordings and much more. Melvyl allows you to browse records, save and mail items to your email account, set up a profile and Workspace so that you can save records and searches across sessions, and have email Updates automatically sent to you.

The new Melvyl catalog was released by CDL to the UC University community and public at large in April 2003.   On August 1, 2003, "Legacy Melvyl" was retired and the new web-based version of Melvyl became the only  union, or combined, catalog of the UC libraries.

Introduction and guides to New Melvyl

Highly Recommended:  Establish your profile and "Workspace" in new Melvyl  in order to:

6.2.2.
The California Digital Library
Mission: "Harnessing technology and innovation, and leveraging the intellectual and cultural resources of the UC, the CDL supports the assembly and creative use of the world's scholarship and knowledge for the UC libraries and the communities they serve. Established in 1997 as a UC  library, the CDL has become one the largest digital libraries in the world."

CDL Collections & Services:

top of page
 
6.3. WorldCat

WorldCat is a"union catalog" databases for large groups of libraries that share cataloging information and access.   To be fully comprehensive in your research, you may wish to search this resource.

Note: Watch for UCI holdings statements and/or click on  (where available) to link to holdings in UC libraries.

WorldCat: The Onlince Computer Library Center (OCLC) union catalog for books and other materials in libraries worldwide.
An even larger bibliographic database than MELVYL, WorldCat includes citations for books, journals, manuscripts, maps, music scores, sound recordings, films, computer files, newspapers, slides, videotapes, etc., in a variety of languages, held in numerous libraries around the world. Coverage: 1000 A.D. - present.
 
 
7. Identifying and Locating Periodical Articles: Indexes and Abstracts
 
7.1. Selected Useful Resources

Tutorial:  Find Articles in Databases
Article Databases: General access to periodical indexes and abstracts is provided through the UCI Libraries Website: Article Databases.
Here you will find an alphabetical listing of all indexes and abstracts available through CDL or licensed directly by the UCI Libraries.  In addition, you can check the CDL list of databases available for History.

Below are  selective listings of indexes most useful for history topics; depending on your topic, you may well need to consult other resources.

Note:


 
7.2. Journal Literature: Selected Web-Based Indexes and Abstracts

7.2.1. Disciplinary: History

Historical Abstracts (HA)  1955-
The "world's leading historical bibliography" covers the history of the world from 1450 to the present (excluding North America).  Includes English-language journals (1,700+), some books, and dissertations; does not include book reviews as a document type.  Search Tips: See AHL above.

    Search Tips:


7.2.2. Multidisciplinary: A Selective List

ArticleFirst via FirstSearch/OCLC
Citations from the table of contents pages of journals in the sciences, social sciences, the humanities, and popular culture

Current Contents. 1993-present.
Cover-to-cover  indexing of journal articles, reviews, meeting abstracts, editorials, etc., is provided for more than 7,500 internataional journals covering all disciplines.

*Expanded Academic Index ASAP  1980 - present
Provides multi-disciplinary coverage from arts and the humanities to social sciences, science and technology; inlcudes scholarly journals, news magazines, and newspapers - many with full text and images.  Includes both popular and scholarly literature; for scholarly only, limit to refereed articles.

PCI: Periodical Contents Index.  (PCI)  and *PCI Full -Text    1770-1995
PCI: Covers 37 key subject areas in the humanities and social sciences and currently indexes around 13.9 million articles dating from as early as the eighteenth century up to 1995 .Cataloguing in PCI is not limited by date or by language. Over two centuries of scholarly publication in 40 languages and dialects are indexed, including English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and other Western languages.
PCI Full-Text contains the contents of 259 journal runs, providing access to over 5.4 million article pages - representing over 860,000 articles. These are drawn from the 13 million-plus article citation records in the PCI index. PCI Full Text is on target to grow to 300 journals by the end of 2003.
 

7.2.4. Additional Indexes/Abstracts (to consider as your topic warrants)

Selected additional databases that may be useful for your bibliography are included in the table below.  Carefully consider those relevant to the discipline(s) related to your topic.  To access these, link from Article Databases list.
 
  • Anthropological Literature
  • ArtAbstracts 
  • ArticleFirst 
  • Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals
  • Bibliography of American Literature 
  • EconLit (Economics)
  • ERIC (Education) 
  • Family and Society Studies 
  • Worldwide
  • Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe
  • MLA  (Literature)
  • PAIS (Public Affairs Intl) 
  • PsycINFO (Psychology)
  • PubMed (Medicine)
  • Social Services Abstracts
  • Sociological Abstracts 
  • Women's Studies International
 
7.3. Historical Newspapers

Historical Newspapers Online
Contains three major historical resources:

Proquest Historical Newspapers Online:
 
7.4. Periodicals: Selected Print Indexes 

Especially as historians, you can never forget those indexes still available only in print form.   The following is a very selective list of available titles; check ANTPAC for others.

Multidisciplinary:

International Index to Periodicals.  1907-1965/65 Ref. AI3 I58
    subsequently:  Humanities and Social Sciences Index. 1965/66-1973/74
                           then separately: Humanities Index; Social Sciences Index 1973/74-
    Index to academic journals in Humanities, Social Sciences, and Sciences.
 
 
7.5. Full-Text Resources: Online/Electronic Journals

Convenient access from:
    CDL: History,  Electronic Journals available to UC Irvine
    or
    UCI Libraries Website / Full-Text Journals

Specific Collections:

JSTOR   (Retrospective archive)
Provides searching and browsing access to the full text of back files of over 100 scholarly publications in dozens of academic disciplines, including History. Articles can be printed off using an Adobe PDF reader plug in to your Web browser (available on all public terminals in the UCI Libraries).
Note: for many journals does not include the latest 2-5 years, but often includes back issues from several decades past.

History Titles include but are not limited to:
 
American Historical Review 
American Quarterly
Eighteenth-Century Studies
Journal of American History
Journal of Economic History
Journal of Military History
Journal of Modern History
Journal of the History of Ideas
Renaissance Quarterly
Reviews in American History
Studies in the Renaissance
William and Mary Quarterly

Project Muse (Current)
Full text of over 40 journals in the humanities and social sciences published by Johns Hopkins University Press. Full text coverage varies by journal title but ranges from 1993 to the present. Links to the full text of many articles available in CDL-hosted databases.

Selected journals of interest include but are not limited to:
 
American Quarterly 
Asian Perspectives 
Eighteenth-Century Life
Eighteenth-Century Studies 
French Colonial History (new in 2003)
French Historical Studies
History and Memory 
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
Journal of the History of Ideas 
Reviews in American History
 
8. Primary Sources: Strategies and Selected Resources

In addition to the suggestions below, you may wish to consult:

    Systems and Serendipity: Identifying and Locating Primary Sources ~ A Guide to the UCI Libraries and Beyond (J. Ariel)
 
 
8.1. Books: Strategies to Identify Primary Sources in Library Collections

         Use or adapt these strategies in ANTPAC, MELVYL®, or WorldCat:

  1. Adding the subheading sources to the end of relevant Library of Congress Subject Heading (or use in a keyword search) often retrieves autobiographies, personal narratives, diaries, interviews, and other documentary/primary materials.  Please note, however, that this strategy is by no means comprehensive; use other strategies to complement this.
  2. Use document* with keyword search; may retrieve collections of documents, documentary histories, etc.
  3. Limit to Year of Publication, e.g., after 1600 and before 1900.
 
8.2. Licensed Databases
 
8.3. Microforms: Located on the first floor, Microforms Section

Note: Ask for assistance at Reference Desk.

The following list highlights selected materials in microform at UCI. You can identify others by doing an ANTPAC keyword search and limiting to location Langson Microforms. You may also use MELVYL® and/or WorldCat to check for others in UC system and beyond.

Most of these sets have guides/indexes to assist in identification and location of relevant material.  Again, ask reference librarians for assistance if needed.

Devereux Papers 1372-1664.  Microfilm M 000437
    Correspondence, papers, letters-patent, deeds, accounts and other documents of the family of Devereux (Great Britain)

Dudley Papers 1559-1595. (Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of, 1532?-1588).  Microfilm M 000435

Early English Books, 1641-1700   Microfilm M 000179; Guide Microfilm M 000179  GUIDES
and
English Books, 1475-1640 (Pollard and Redgrave)  University Microfilms, 1965-   Microfilm M 000178
    Microfilm copy of books from Pollard and Redgrave's, A short-title catalogue of books printed in England, Scotland and Ireland and of English books printed abroad, 1475-1640.  Index/guide located with microfilm set; additional copy in Special Collections, Z2002 .U574
See also Early English Books (EEBO) above.

Elizabethan Ireland and the Settlement of Ulster : The Carew Papers at Lambeth Palace Library.  World Microfilms Publications, 1978.  Microfilm M 000343

Great Britain.  Parliament.  Debates, 1066-1948.  Microprint.

Great Britain.  Parliament.  House of Commons.  Journals, 1547-1900.  Microprint.

Great Britain.  Public Record Office.  Complete State Papers Domestic: Series One: 1547-1625.  Harvester Press, c1977-1979.  188 reels.  Microfilm M 000318
    See bibliographic record for contents note.

Great Britain. Public Record Office. State Papers (foreign) of Edward VI, 1547-1553.
6 reels. Michael Glazier, Inc., 1979.   Microfilm M 000347

Great Britain. Public Record Office. State Papers (foreign) of Mary I, 1553-1558. 5 reels. Michael Glazier, Inc., 1979.  Microfilm M 000348

Politics and Administration of Tudor and Stuart England, Part 1-5. Reproduced from the Lansdowne Collection in the British Library, London.  163 reels.  Harvester Press, 1976-80.  Microfilm M 000224

Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Manuscripts from the Rawlinson Collection in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.   Harvester Press Microform Publications, 1984. DA315.A12 S598 1984 pt.5 Guide
Note: This microfilm collection is located at UC Santa Barbara and is available for interlibrary loan. Contents of the Rawlinson Collection is described in Catalogi codicum manuscriptorum bibliothecae Bodleianae, pt. 5, and is filmed on the first reel of the Rawlinson Collection on microfilm.

Social and Political Affairs in the Age of the Tudors: The Talbot Papers from Lambeth Palace Library, London.  1499-1608.  9 reels.  Microfilm M 630
     See bibliographic record for contents note.

The Tanner Manuscripts.  85 reels. Harvester Press, c1977-1980.  Microfilm M 000384
    Microfilms of mss. collected by Thomas Tanner in the Bodleian Library, Oxford University
    pt. 1. Church, state and politics in England after the Civil War (1648-1699). 17 reels -- pt. 2. Church, state and politics in sixteenth and seventeenth century England (1570-1647). 24 reels -- pt. 3. Church, state and politics in seventeenth century England (1600-1700). 22 reels -- pt. 4. Church, state and politics in England (1550-1700). 21 reels

In addition:
Finding Aids:  Materials Located at Other Libraries
The UCI Microforms Collection includes a number of guides/indexes to collections and sources located in other libraries around the world.  In addition, many guides to microform collections are now available on the Web.  Such guides can  be particularly useful for long term projects (dissertations, etc.) as you may consult these guides, identify desired microform and request via Interlibrary Loan.
 
8.4. Selected Websites

Note: The following list  is just a sampling of what is now available on the Internet. You will want to search Google etc. (creatively but carefully) for other possibilities.  Needless to say, none of these sites are completely comprehensive.  Use a combination of those that seem promising for your topic.

Google (http://www.google.com/) can be an excellent internet search engine for finding resources, but even better:

Searchable web directories often are more useful because sites have been reviewed and selected by historians, librarians, and other experts.  Directories
include:

      The Best of the History Sites
      An "award-winning portal created for students, history educators, and general history enthusiasts...features links to K-12 history lesson plans, teacher guides, activities, games, quizzes, and more."

      The Librarians Index to the Internet
      Searchable guide to high quality, non-commercial internet resources evaluated and selected by librarians.

      Merlot: Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Teaching  (Center for Distributed Learning, California State University)
      "MERLOT is a free and open resource designed primarily for faculty and students of higher education. Links to online learning materials are collected here along with annotations such as peer reviews and assignments."  History was added to Merlot in 2000 and, listed under Humanities,  now includes 211 selected sites.  You may also search the Merlot site; for instance, a search on American History retrieves 44 materials.

      The Scout Report
      The Scout Report Archives are a searchable and browseable collection of over seven years' worth of critical annotations of Internet sites, mailing lists, and other online resources carefully selected by librarians and subject experts.

Selected Sites: A Sampling

The British Empire

History On-Line

    Includes:

History of the United Kingdom: Primary Documents
In addition:

About -> History -> European History
 

Alex Catalogue of Electronic Texts
A collection of public domain documents from American and English literature as well as Western philosophy.  Allows browsing and access by date.

Diary Research Website
"A guide to historical and literary sources, in the forms of Diaries and Journals, from all periods and parts of the world which have been printed in English..."

Early Manuscripts at Oxford University

Internet Archive of Texts and Documents

Internet Modern History Sourcebook: The Early Modern West

Internet Women's History Sourcebook: Early Modern Europe

Project Gutenberg
Collection of texts in electronic form; especially useful to search by author.  Also allows browsing by title or author.

Renascence Editions
An effort to make available online works printed in English between the years 1477 (when Caxton began printing) and 1799; arranged by author.

Tudor History
An individual interest site created by Lara Eakins; includes biographical information, maps, chronologies, architecture, etc.

Virtual Library History: Early Modern History
Includes, for example, numerous sources on the Reformation/Counterreformation; some other sections, however, are not yet developed.
 
 
9. Bibliographic Organization and Management: Introduction to EndNote

EndNote is a bibliographic management software program used to develop, organize and manipulate bibliographic citations and facilitate the production of bibliographies and the publication process.  EndNote allows the user to create a "library" to store and manage citations, similar to a set of index cards but with much more organizational power and flexibility.  Additionally, EndNote allows the user to export citations from many (but not yet all) catalogs and databases (including, thankfully, Historical Abstracts) directly into your "library" bibliography and from your "library" into a word processor.  You can thus produce a bibliography or manuscript automatically incorporating citations in a variety of publication styles (e.g., Chicago, APA, or journal-specific).

EndNote has recently been installed in open-access library computer labs including Science Library Interactive Learning Center (ILC) Room 164, in the LL TEC, Room 228, and in the LL Multimedia Resource Center (MRC).  It is also available for purchase at educational discount in UCI Bookstore; : approx. $109.95 for students (with ID); $199.95 for faculty and staff; $99 to upgrade if you have an earlier version.  In addition, you can download a FREE full-featured 30-day trial version from the ISI/EndNote website: www.endnote.com/endemo.asp

EndNote Guide for History

Recommended EndNote Workshops Winter 2004:

Tuesday, January 27:            12:00-1:30 in Science Library ILC 164
Wednesday, February 25:     12:00-1:30 in Langson Library TEC, Room 228

      "Participants in this course will learn the basics of Endnote by building a bibliographic database, by entering references manually, and by
      capturing citations from several databases. More advanced features such as producing bibliographies and creating manuscripts with properly
      formatted references also will be covered."