History 203
First Year Research Seminar: Gendered Narratives
Professor Vicki Ruiz
Winter Quarter 2003

Library Research Guide

Librarian contacts:
Joan Ariel 
History and Women's Studies Librarian 
386 Main Library 
824-4970 
jariel@uci.edu
Bill Landis 
Manuscripts Librarian 
Special Collection and Archives 
500 Main Library 
824-3113 
blandis@uci.edu
Kay Collins 
U.S. Government Information Librarian 
108 Main Library 
824-7290 
kcollins@uci.edu
Yvonne Wilson
Orange County Information Librarian
108 Main Library
824-7362
ymwilson@uci.edu



This guide is designed as an introduction to print and online resources critical for accessing materials in the UCI Libraries and beyond.  It is extremely selective, both in terms of the sources cited and the strategies recommended.  All reference and "finding" sources listed are available at UCI; however, a number of these point to materials located at libraries, both real and virtual, beyond the borders of UCI.

The guide covers the following areas:


1. SOURCES FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH

Tertiary sources include bibliographies, indexes, abstracts, encyclopedias, and other reference resources.

Secondary sources are those that analyze, assess, or interpret a topic under investigation, typically utilizing primary sources to do so.

Primary sources (adapted from a definition on the Yale University Library Web site) are firsthand testimony or direct evidence concerning a topic under investigation.  The nature and value of a source cannot be determined without reference to the topic and questions it is meant to answer.  The same document, or other piece of evidence, may be a primary source in one investigation and secondary in another.  The search for primary sources does not, therefore, automatically include or exclude any format of research materials or type of records, documents, or publications.

Primary sources typically can include archives and manuscript material, photographs, letters and diaries, scrapbooks, newspapers and clippings, government publications, oral histories, magazines, published books, printed ephemera, and video and audio recordings.
IMPORTANT:  Note that these categories are not mutually exclusive.  You might, for example, use an index created in the 1950s (a tertiary source in the categories above) as a primary source for terminology used to name events, groups, or concepts in the 1950s.

2. GOOD RESEARCH SKILLS

Start with topical analysis

Keep track of what you're doing in research notes/notebook Search skills and strategies will often transfer from one resource to another (e.g., trucation, etc. see section 4.4 below)
3. SOURCES FOR TOPIC ANALYSIS

1. Guides to the Literature, Encyclopedias and Other Reference Works

Guides (or guides to the literature as they're sometimes called) provide the researcher with a basic introduction to the literature of a topic. Guides list important bibliographies, dictionaries, directories, encyclopedias, periodical indexes, manuscript and statistical finding aids, etc. They may be  a useful first step in beginning research, helpful both in acquainting the researcher with critical sources in the field and assisting in organization and evaluation of research strategies. In other words, guides offer a structured overview of an academic discipline.

Guides to the Literature

History:

General:
Whiteley, Sandra, ed. The American Library Association Guide to Information Access: A Complete Research Handbook and Directory. New York: Randon House, 1994. Ref. Z711 .A39 1994

Dictionaries and Encyclopedias : A Sampling

Specialized Topics of possible interest:


4. Search Types and Strategies

In doing library-based research, there are three key approaches to identifying information and materials on a subject or topic:

    1.    known item;
    2.    keyword; and
    3.    subject heading.

All are based on the "bibliographic record" for the book, article, or other item.

4.1.  Known Item

A book you already have can provide leads to additional research sources.

4.2. Keyword

In most library catalogs and databases, searches for your key words usually drawn from the following data fields:

      Books: title, series title, and/or subject heading words.
      Articles: article title, subject heading, abstract if available.

Keyword is the most flexible approach which usually produces the largest retrieval.

Cautionary Note:


4.3. Subject Heading
A subject heading is a word or term that describes, often quite broadly, the contents of an information resource.  "Authorized" headings for U.S. libraries are generally determined by the Library of Congress (LCSH).  In addition to usage in catalog records for books, videotapes, and other library resources, many abstracting and indexing databases of articles use LCSH as the basis for their subject indexing.

Searches for subject heading(s) assigned by the Library of Congress or descriptors assigned by the index/database producer use a "controlled vocabulary."  The best way to identify subject heading(s) for your topic is to do a keyword search first, then note and link from subject headings of the most promising items.

Note:

A subject heading search in ANTPAC is an exact subject heading search.
For example:
    Los Angeles History = 1
    Los Angeles California History  = 0
    Los Angeles Calif History = 87
    Los Angeles Calif History 19th century = 1
    Los Angeles California History 20th century = 4

Some "subject" searches (e.g, in MELVYL as well as some databases) provide the option of searching by topic keywords, subject heading words, or exact subject heading.  Read search screens and select options carefully

Reminder: Subject headings, like all language and most everything in life (!), are socially and historically constructed; consider terminology for your topic broadly and deeply.

The following is a highly selective list of samplesubject headings that might prove useful in looking for information resources related to topics of interest.

Tip: Finding the subheading terms "Sources" or "Archival resources" appended to any of the subject headings below on a record in an online catalog is an indication that the item you've identified is substantially composed of primary source material.

Also proper nouns: names and places, e.g.: Reminder note:  To identify additional subject headings for your topic, do  keyword search the display result(s) in long format, note subject headings for the most promising items, click on subject heading to execute subject search.Beat generation
 
 

4.4. Useful Search Strategies:

4.4.1. Truncation:  Use trucation symbols (usually * and/or #) building on the root of a word to expand your retrieval.

Examples:

      chican*    =    chicana, chicano, chicanos but also chicanery
      gender*    =    gender, genders, gendered, etc.
      histor*    =    history, historian, historical, historicism

But caution:

      rac*            =    race, racism, racist BUT also raccoon, racketeer, etc.

4.4.2. Date searches: limiting result sets by dates can be a good approach when you are focusing on primary sources for a particular time period..

4.4.3. Combining search terms with "boolean operators"


For more information, see Boolean Searching: A Primer
 

5. MONOGRAPHS AND OTHER RESEARCH MATERIALS: LIBRARY CATALOGS

ANTPAC: UCI LIBRARIES CATALOG

ANTPAC provides quick and efficient access to the holdings of the UCI Libraries.  ANTPAC should be your first stop for accessing books, periodicals, media, and other research materials.

ANTPAC is available via a Web interface in the UCI Libraries as well as from home or office.  You can access ANTPAC via the UCI Libraries homepage (http://www.lib.uci.edu/) or directly (http://antpac.lib.uci.edu/).

 ANTPAC offers the following unique features:

The following features are not available on ANTPAC (see CDL / MELVYL®, section 3.3. below):
CDL MELVYL® CATALOG: UC SYSTEMWIDE CATALOG

If your ANTPAC search does not produce the desired results or you want to expand your retrieval of materials, you will want to search the holdings of other libraries, particularly other UC libraries. The California Digital Library (CDL) MELVYL® Catalog opens doors to worlds beyond UCI .

To research a topic, select Subject or Power search.  Subject searches require word(s) from authorized LC subject headings.  Power searches allow you to combine search types (including title words, subject, or exact subject) and, if desired, to limit your retrieval by library location, date, language, form, and/or date added to the database.

Save: Use the Save feature to create your own topic bibliography within a single database or across several databases.  Once you have saved the items for your bibliography, click on Saved Lists to view, print, mail or download.  Make sure you give your list a relevant subject, indicating topic and date.  You may also want to add an annotation for your list indicating which databases you covered.

Output options: You may mail, print, or download your search results.

Request: You may also request  materials identified in a MELVYL® search through via the Request option (as long as they are not currently available at UCI). Keep in mind, however, that Document Access and Delivery /Inter-Library Loan (DA&D) can occasionally be a slow process, best undertaken at the beginning of your research. The ten-week quarter makes few allowances for DA&D, although the increased use of FAX and other electronic delivery systems does at least make acquiring journal articles from afar faster and easier (though often for a fee).
 
 
WORLDCAT(WCAT)

Records from the worldwide OCLC Online Union Catalog for books, computer files, audiovisual materials, periodicals, maps, manuscripts, musical scores, etc., in a variety of languages.  (Also provides links to other databases of possible interest, e.g., ArticlesFirst, etc.)

*Note: One distinct advantage to this database is that it provides access at the chapter level to many collections.  Search with relevant keywords in the Notes field.
 
 
6.  ARTICLES: PERIODICAL INDEXING/ABSTRACTING SERVICES

Direct access to periodical indexes and abstracts is provided through the UCI Libraries Website:  Article Databases.
Here you will find an alphabetical listing of all indexes and abstracts available through CDL or licensed directly by the UCI Libraries.

The following is a selective listing of indexes most useful for History 203 topics.
Note: Pay attention to the type and chronological scope of the database you are using as you select your search terms.
 
WEB-BASED INDEXES

History:

America: History and Lif (AHL) 1964-
The most authoritative listing of periodical literature, book and media reviews, and dissertations in United States and Canadian history.  Covers over 1,700 journals published worldwide.
Search Hints:
            Use Advanced Search then Keyword Search to begin.
            If desired: Limit by Time Period:
                For example,  1950D. Click on magnifying glass icon to right of time period to browse options.

Historical Abstracts(HA)  1955-
The "world's leading historical bibliography" covers the history of the world from 1450 to the present (excluding North America).  Includes English-language journals (1,700+), books, and disseratations.

Chicano/Latino Studies:

Chicano Database 1967-present
The Chicano database contains records for many types of materials Chicano/Mexican-American Studies, and since 1992, materials on other Latino cultures--e.g., Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and Central American immigrants. Subject coverage includes history, art, language, sociology, public policy, economics, literature, politics, and law.

The Handbook of  Latin American Studies/HLAS Online   1935-present
Contains citations in the area of Latin American studies from journals, books, and conferences in history and in other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. Many citations in the database are annotated.

Hispanic American Periodical Index/HAPI Online  1970-present
Produced by the UCLA Latin American Center, provides citations to articles and other materials about Mexico, the U.S.-Mexico border region, and Hispanics in the U.S. as well as Central and South America, and the Caribbean basin.

Multidisciplinary:

ArticleFirst via WorldCat

Expanded Academic Index ASAP  1980 - present
Provides multi-disciplinary coverage from arts and the humanities to social sciences, science and technology; inlcudes scholarly journals, news magazines, and newspapers - many with full text and
images.

Lexis/Nexis Academic Universe
Nearly 5,000 publications span news, financial, medical, and legal information, the vast majority available in full text, with a limited number available in abstract form. Covers newspapers, magazines, wire services, federal and state court opinions, federal and state statutes, federal regulations, etc. News information is updated daily and wire services several times daily.

Left Index.  1982- present
Provides access to "the diversity of literature on the left, with a primary emphasis on politically and culturally engaged scholarship inside and outside the academy and a secondary emphasis on significant but little known sources of news and ideas. Topics covered include politics, economics, the labor movement, ecology and environment, women's studies, race and ethnicity, social and cultural theory, sociology, art and aesthetics, philosophy, history, education, law, and globalization."

National Newspaper Index 1977 - presnt
Provides quick access to the indexing of America's top five newspapers in one seamless search: The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Christian Science Monitor, Los Angeles Times and The Washington Post.

Ethnic and Women's Studies:

Ethnic NewsWatch   1960- present
Full-text general reference database of the newspapers, magazines and journals of the ethnic, minority and native press covering both current and historical topics.

GenderWatch     1970 - present
Full text database of publications that focus on the impact of gender across a broad spectrum of subject areas. Publications include academic and scholarly journals, magazines, newspapers, newsletters,
regional publications, books, booklets and pamphlets, conference proceedings, and government, NGO and special reports.

Women’s Resources International    (WRI) 1972-
Includes over 232,000 records drawn from a variety of essential women's studies databases including Women Studies Abstracts (1984- ; approx. 35,000 records) and the Women’s Studies Database (1972- ; approx. 70,300 records drawn from 125 journals worldwide).

Note:  For other web databases relevant to history research, see CDL History Databases Available to UC Irvine
 
 
PRINT INDEXES

Unfortunately, the 1950s to 1970s is a time period that generally falls prior to most online newspaper and magazine indexing services, so you will need to use print indexes to assist in your search for resources on your topic for this course.

Print Indexes to Primary Sources

Especially as historians, you can never forget those indexes still available only in print form.  Especially for contemporary publications, the Readers Guide to Periodical Literature and the newspaper indexes cited can serve as great topical indexes to what was being written about the events and subjects you are researching at the time they were actually happening.

Magazines and Journals:

Alternative Press Index 1969-  Ref. AI3 .A4

International Index to Periodicals.  1907-1965/65 Ref. AI3 I58
    subsequently:  Humanities and Social Sciences Index. 1965/66-1973/74
                           then separately: Humanities Index; Social Sciences Index 1973/74-
Index to academic journals in Humanities, Social Sciences, and Sciences.

Readers Guide to Periodical Literature.  1900- present Ref. AI 3 R4
Standard index to popular periodical literature including general news and sports magazines.

Film Literature Index 1973- Ref. PN1993 .F563
 

Newspapers:

New York Times Index.  1851- present   Ref. AI21 N4
    New York Times available on microfirm in Current Periodicals Room

Los Angeles Times Index.  1972-  Ref. AI21 L65 N492
    LA Times available on microfilm in Current Periodicals Room, 1881- present



 
7. FULL-TEXT JOURNALS ON THE WEB

Convenient access from:
    CDL: United States and North American History,  Electronic Journals available to UC Irvine
    or
    UCI Libraries Homepage: Full-Text Journals

Specific Collections:

JSTOR   (Retrospective archive)
Provides searching and browsing access to the full text of back files of over 100 scholarly publications in dozens of academic disciplines, including History. Articles can be printed off using an Adobe PDF reader plug in to your Web browser (available on all public terminals in the UCI Libraries).
Note: for many jouranls,  does not include the latest 2-5 years, but often includes back issues from several decades past.

History Titles Include:
 
 American Historical Review 
American Quarterly 
Eighteenth-Century Studies 
Journal of American History 
Journal of Economic History 
Journal of Military History 
Journal of Modern History 
Journal of Negro History
Journal of Southern History
Journal of the History of Ideas
 Renaissance Quarterly
Reviews in American History
Speculum: A Journal of Mediaeval Studies
Studies in the Renaissance
 William and Mary Quarterly

Project Muse (Current)
Full text of over 40 journals in the humanities and social sciences published by Johns Hopkins University Press. Full text coverage varies by journal title but ranges from 1993 to the present. Links to the full text of many articles available in CDL-hosted databases.

Selected journals of interest include:
 
American Imago
American Jewish History
American Quarterly
Eighteenth-Century Life
Eighteenth-Century Studies
History and Memory
Journal of the History of Ideas
Reviews in American History

History Cooperative

Sponsored by the American Historical Association, the Organization of American Historians, the University of Illinois Press, and the National Academy Press, provides electronic access to the following journals:
 
 
American Historical Review
The History Teacher
The Journal of American History
Law and History Review
The Western Historical Quarterly
The William and Mary Quarterly

8. SPECIALIZED INTERNET RESOURCES

Although the Internet provides access to information resources that are often of dubious quality or authority, for historians there are a growing number of sites worth visiting.  Among the most useful are collections of primary documents, visual resources, and listservs where you can chat with colleagues around the world. Google (http://www.google.com/), if you haven't used it, is an excellent internet search engine for finding resources.

The URLs listed below provide one example of sample sites, here on the 1950s.


9. GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS AND INFORMATION

The U.S. Government produces a mind-boggling amount of information.  The following are just a few resources that might be of use. UCI Libraries call numbers are supplied in parentheses after the resource title. The first is an index to information produced by the U.S. Congress, much of which is available through the UCI Libraries, though much of it is uncataloged. The second is an index to full-text, scanned government documents available online.  If you really want to use government information in your research, it would be a good idea, near the beginning of the quarter, to e-mail Kay Collins, U.S. Government Information Librarian, or Yvonne Wilson, Orange County Librarian, (phone #s and e-mails at the top of this guide), regarding available information resources. You can also limit your search retrieval sets in ANTPAC to items located in "MAIN-Govt Pubs" by using the "Limit/Sort" button.

10. SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES AND SPECIAL COLLECTIONS AND ARCHIVES

Primary sources for the History 203 topics include newspaper and magazine articles from the time;  oral histories; media (film and television); letters; speeches; legislative and congressional hearings, and documentary films.

Selected useful reference sources:

American Women's History: A Research Guide
    Provides many links to primary sources.   See, for instance, the section on Hispanic American Women

Paper trails : a guide to public records in California.  2nd ed. Stephen Levine and Barbara T. Newcombe
San Francisco : Center for Investigative Reporting ; Sacramento : California Newspaper Publishers Association, c1996.
Ref. CD3111 .L48 1996
 

Databases of particular use in identifying primary sources:

American Periodical Series Online, 1740-1900
Includes digitized images of the pages of American magazines and journals published from colonial days to the dawn of the 20th century. Published between 1741 and 1900, the more than 1,000 titles include Benjamin Franklin's General Magazine, the first American professional journals, and several popular magazines still in publication, such as Vanity Fair, Harper's, and Ladies' Home Journal. Users can trace America's transition from colony to world power, or conduct in-depth research. Topics include: Revolution and independence; Slavery, emancipation, Reconstruction, and Jim Crow; Opening and settling the frontier; The changing role of women; The short story as an emerging genre; Advances in medicine and technology; Trends in politics, science, and religion.

Gerritsen Collection, Women's History Online, 1543-1945
Women's history in the world from 1543 to 1945. 4,700 publications from Europe, the U.S., the United Kingdom, Canada, and New Zealand, tracing the evolution of feminism within a single country, as well as the impact of one country's movement on those of the others.

Historical Newspapers Online
Contains three major historical resources:

19th Century Masterfile
(formerly called Poole's Poole's Plus: The Digital Index of the Nineteenth Century)
Provides indexing to nineteenth century periodicals, books, newspapers, and government documents. Includes several 19th-century periodical indexes, as well as indexing of the New York Daily Tribune (1875-1906) and The New York Times (1863-1905).

PCI: Periodical Contents Index  1770-1995.
An electronic index to the contents of 3,000+ periodicals in the humanities and social sciences , from their first issues to 1995.
 

Listed below is a very brief sampling of some primary sources available at UCI Libraries, with call numbers (all in the Main Library) supplied in parentheses after the resource title.  You will, of course, need to check for others and most likely will need to venture farther afield to other libraries and collections to obtain primary source materials for your specific topic.  Check with Professor Ruiz for possible leads; you may also arrange an individual research consultation appointment with librarian(s) to investigate sources for your topic.

Microforms
(located on 1st Floor of the Main Library; ask for assistance at the Reference Desk)

Tamiment Library. Radical pamphlet literature : a collection from the Tamiment Library, 1817 (1900-1945) 1970. Glen Rock, N.J. : Microfilming Corporation of America, 1974.  Microfilm M 000747

Socialist Party of America papers, 1919-1976. Glen Rock, N.J. : Microfilming Corp. of America, 1977.  Microfilm M 000267

Videos
(located in the Multimedia Resource Center, first floor, Main Library); sample titles:

Special Collections and Archives: 5th floor of the Main Library (Hours: M-F 10-6, Saturday 1-5)

Includes  numerous collections of books, printed brochures, planning documents, newspapers, maps, photographs, pamphlets, and manuscript materials.  Of particular interest is a strong political pamphlet collection, a fairly large collection related to the history of Los Angeles,  and a large collection of Orange County materials including many items on Laguna Beach.

If you are interested in exploring the possibility of taking a local angle to your research topic, please contact Bill Landis (phone # and e-mail are at the top of this guide) to discuss.
 
 
Other Libraries/Resources

Check CDL/California Periodicals Titles  database for newspapers and other periodicals held in California libraries.  Click on down arrow and select Periodicals Titles.

Example: use Subject heading: Hispanic Americans -- Newspapers
Library Catalogs and Library Sites

Use Google or other search engines creatively but carefully to identify possible collections, leads, etc.
 
 
 
11. CREATING/MANAGING BIBLIOGRAPHIES WITHOUT PAIN: ENDNOTE

EndNote is a bibliographic management software program used to develop, organize and manipulate bibliographic citations and facilitate the production of bibliographies and the publication process.  EndNote allows the user to create a "library" to store and manage citations, similar to a set of index cards but with much more organizational power and flexibility.  Additionally, EndNote allows the user to export citations from many (but not yet all) catalogs and databases (including America: History and Life) directly into your "library" bibliography and from your "library" into a word processor.  You can thus produce a bibliography or manuscript automatically incorporating citations in a variety of publication styles (e.g., Chicago, APA, or journal-specific).

EndNote has recently been installed in open-access library computer labs including Science Library Interactive Learning Center (ILC) Room 164 and Main Library TEC, Room 228 (open in the evenings).

Recommended: Upcoming Library EndNote Workshops

"Participants in this course will learn the basics of Endnote by building a bibliographic database, by entering references manually, and by capturing citations from several databases. More advanced features such as producing bibliographies and creating manuscripts with properly formatted references also will be covered."

You may also wish to use the webpage guide that I have created for past workshops:  Introduction to EndNote
 

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